Šofranac, Nataša, 1975- Vlašković Ilić, Biljana, 1979- Igrutinović, Danica, 1982- Macura, Sergej, 1976- OSNO - Opšta sistematizacija naučnih oblasti, Engleska književnost OSNO - Opšta sistematizacija naučnih oblasti, Engleska književnost Vilijam Šekspir, hrišćanstvo, ontologija, zlo, dobro, renesansa, tragedija William Shakespeare, Christianity, ontology, evil, good, Renaissance, tragedy srp Ontologija zla u tragedijama Vilijama Šekspira: Kralj Lir, Hamlet, Otelo i Magbet : doktorska disertacija Predmet istraživanja ove doktorske disertacije jeste analiza fenomena zla u Šekspirovimtragedijama Hamlet, Magbet, Kralj Lir i Otelo. S obzirom na složenost i višedimenzionalnostkoncepta zla, koji zahteva interdisciplinarni pristup, fenomen je proučavan kroz književne,filozofske, etičke, teološke, psihološke i umetničke aspekte. Specifičnost Šekspirovog tretmanazla zahteva primenu različitih metodoloških pristupa, među kojima su posebno istaknutekomparativna analiza, novi istoricizam i psihoanalitička teorija. Na osnovu pomenutih pristupa,istraživanje pruža detaljno razmatranje motiva, izvora i manifestacija zla kod centralnih likovau navedenim tragedijama, kao i objašnjenje njihovih postupaka i psiholoških stanja.Poseban fokus stavljen je na pojam „ontologija zla“ koji je u disertaciji teorijski razrađeni definisan. Ontologija je filozofska disciplina koja proučava biće kao takvo. Biće može imatisvojstva jedinstva, lepote i sklada, ali i suprotna svojstva kao što su rascep, ružnoća i konflikt.Ne-biće predstavlja odsustvo postojanja. Kada se pitamo šta je ontologija zla, pitamo se kakvaje prava priroda zla – ima li zlo sopstveno biće ili je samo odsustvo dobra – i kakva mu je uloga.Razvoj značenja zla od tradicionalnih tumačenja, koja su zlo prepoznavala kao spoljnusilu, pa sve do savremenih shvatanja koja ga vide kao integralni deo ljudskog karaktera, detaljnoje analiziran. Filozofski kontekst istraživanja dopunjen je stavovima značajnih mislilaca poputSerena Kjerkegora, koji koren zla pronalazi u dosadi, ali i drugih filozofa i teoretičara koji ističuprisutnost zla u različitim vidovima međuljudskih konflikata.Problem zla u filozofiji nije samo ontološko ili teološko pitanje, već i etička, psihološka iknjiževna tema koja se proteže kroz istoriju ljudskog mišljenja. Šekspir, u ovom kontekstu, nijesamo dramski pesnik već i filozof moralnih dilema, čija dela nude plodno tlo za razmatranjevečnog sukoba između dobra i zla. Ontologija zla zapravo je priroda zla. Sam naziv teze„Ontologija zla“ objašnjava se na sledeći način:U proučavanim tragedijama, zlo se manifestuje kroz različite oblike poput preteraneambicije, ljubomore, neodlučnosti, posesivne roditeljske ljubavi i prezaštićenosti. Šekspir, kaomajstor književne psihologije, prikazuje čoveka kao slobodno biće čije moralne padove čestoizaziva upravo prisilno nametanje tuđe volje. Rad istražuje Šekspirovu sposobnost da krozsvoje junake ilustruje unutrašnju borbu čoveka između dobra i zla, bez zauzimanja konačnogmoralnog stava, čime postiže univerzalnost i bezvremenost svog dela.Razvoj renesansne drame duboko je ukorenjen u srednjovekovnim pozorišnimtradicijama, posebno u mirakulima (miracle plays) i moralitetima (morality plays). Ove dramskeforme nisu posmatrale zlo samo kao apstraktan moralni koncept, već kao aktivnu,personifikovanu silu koja kroz iskušenja, obmane i manipulaciju odvraća junake od putaspasenja. Ovakav pristup zlu značajno je uticao na narativne i psihološke slojeve zla u dramamarenesansnih autora, među kojima su najistaknutiji Kristofer Marlo i Vilijam Šekspir.Tokom renesanse, dramaturško razumevanje zla značajno se razvijalo. Zadržavajućielemente mirakula i moraliteta, renesansni autori pružaju dublju psihološku perspektivu,istražujući kako zlo nije samo spoljni fenomen, već i unutrašnji poriv junaka, proizvod njihovihsopstvenih slabosti, ambicija ili psiholoških stanja. Šekspir, posebno, pruža detaljne portretelikova poput Ričarda III, Jaga, Magbeta i Edmunda, čija unutrašnja priroda postaje primarniizvor njihovog pada i tragičnih ishoda. U ovom kontekstu, Šekspirove tragedije produbljuju renesansno poimanje zla,prikazujući ga ne kao jednostavnu moralnu opoziciju, već kao kompleksnu i nijansiranumanifestaciju unutrašnjih psiholoških konflikata i društvenih dinamika.Ove tragedije nisu samo literarna dela, već služe kao ogledala hrišćanskog moralnogučilišta. Kroz svoje likove, Šekspir istražuje unutrašnju borbu sa zlom, pokajanjem, moralnomodgovornošću i sudbinom, što sve odražava duboke teološke i filozofske dileme koje su bileprisutne u hrišćanskoj misli tog vremena. Zlo u Šekspirovim delima nije samo nešto što jespoljašnje, već je i unutrašnja borba, i ta borba je u skladu sa hrišćanskom idejom da svakomčoveku data slobodna volja, ali i odgovornost za izbor između dobra i zla.Disertacija pokazuje da je snaga Šekspirovog opusa upravo u njegovom odbijanju daponudi jednoznačne odgovore ili moralne pouke. Njegove tragedije predstavljaju kompleksnestudije ljudske prirode u kojima ljubav može biti istovremeno uzvišena i destruktivna, ambicijamotivišuća i pogubna, a ljubomora prirodna koliko i fatalna. Poseban akcenat stavljen je naanalizu ženskih likova i njihove reprezentacije, kao i na dinamiku porodičnih odnosa, koji imajuključnu ulogu u razumevanju tragedije i porekla zla kod junaka.Naposletku, rad istražuje kako Šekspir kroz solilokvije i introspektivne monologeuspešno zadire u dubine ljudske psihe, opravdavajući tragične ishode kao neophodanpreduslov za rađanje novog, pravednijeg društvenog i moralnog poretka. Tragični kraj njegovihjunaka nije prikazan kao besmislen, već kao simbolički početak obnove i moralnog preobražaja.Zaključak rada potvrđuje trajnu relevantnost Šekspirovih tragedija, koje i nakon više odčetiri veka pružaju dragocena saznanja o ljudskoj prirodi i ontološkoj dimenziji zla. Rad pružanovi uvid u analizu Šekspirovih likova, nudeći mogućnosti primene stečenih znanja za boljerazumevanje i prevazilaženje moralnih dilema koje su i danas aktuelne. The subject of this doctoral dissertation is an analysis of the phenomenon of evil inShakespeare’s tragedies Hamlet, Macbeth, King Lear, and Othello. Given the complexity andmultidimensionality of the concept of evil, which requires an interdisciplinary approach, thephenomenon is examined from literary, philosophical, ethical, theological, psychological, andartistic perspectives. The specificity of Shakespeare’s treatment of evil requires the applicationof various methodological approaches, with special emphasis on comparative analysis, NewHistoricism, and psychoanalytic theory. Based on these approaches, the research provides adetailed examination of the motives, sources and manifestations of evil in the central charactersof the aforementioned tragedies, as well as an explanation of their actions and psychologicalstates.Particular focus is given to the concept of the “ontology of evil” which is theoreticallydeveloped and defined within the dissertation. Ontology is a philosophical discipline thatstudies a being as such. A being may possess qualities of unity, beauty, and harmony, but alsoopposing traits such as fragmentation, ugliness and conflict. A non-being represents theabsence of existence. When we ask what the ontology of evil is, we inquire into the true natureof evil —whether it has a being of its own or is merely the absence of good — and what its roleis.The evolution of the meaning of evil, from traditional interpretations that saw evil as anexternal force, to contemporary understandings that view it as an integral part of humancharacter, is analyzed in detail. The philosophical context of the research is complemented bythe views of major thinkers such as Søren Kierkegaard, who identifies the root of evil inboredom, as well as other philosophers and theorists who highlight the presence of evil invarious forms of interpersonal conflict.The problem of evil in philosophy is not only an ontological or theological issue, but alsoan ethical, psychological, and literary theme that runs through the history of human thought. Inthis context, Shakespeare is not merely a playwright, but a philosopher of moral dilemmas,whose works provide fertile ground for contemplating the eternal conflict between good andevil. Ontology of evil, in fact, is the nature of evil. The very title of this thesis, “Ontology of Evil,”is explained as follows:In the tragedies examined, evil manifests in various forms such as excessive ambition,jealousy, indecision, possessive parental love and overprotection. Shakespeare, as a master ofliterary psychology, portrays a man as a free being whose moral downfall is often caused by theimposition of another’s will. The dissertation explores Shakespeare’s ability to illustrate,through his characters, the inner struggle between good and evil without adopting a definitivemoral stance, thus achieving the universality and timelessness of his work.The development of Renaissance drama is deeply rooted in medieval theatricaltraditions, especially miracle plays and morality plays. These dramatic forms did not treat evilsolely as an abstract moral concept, but as an active, personified force that leads characters astray through temptation, deceit and manipulation. This approach to evil significantlyinfluenced the narrative and psychological dimensions of evil in the works of Renaissanceauthors, most notably Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare.During the Renaissance, the dramaturgical understanding of evil evolved significantly.Retaining elements of miracle and morality plays, Renaissance authors offered a deeperpsychological perspective, exploring evil not merely as an external phenomenon but also as aninternal drive within characters, a product of their own weaknesses, ambitions, orpsychological states. Shakespeare, in particular, provides detailed portraits of characters suchas Richard III, Iago, Macbeth, and Edmund, whose inner nature becomes the primary source oftheir downfall and tragic outcomes.In this context, Shakespeare’s tragedies deepen the Renaissance perception of evil,portraying it not as a simple moral opposition, but as a complex and nuanced manifestation ofinternal psychological conflicts and social dynamics.These tragedies are not merely literary works but serve as mirrors of Christian moralteachings. Through his characters, Shakespeare explores the inner struggle with evil,repentance, moral responsibility and destiny — all of which reflect the deep theological andphilosophical dilemmas present in Christian thought of the time. Evil in Shakespeare’s works isnot only an external force, but also an internal battle, consistent with the Christian idea thatevery human being is endowed with free will and thus, responsibility for choosing betweengood and evil.The dissertation demonstrates that the strength of Shakespeare’s opus lies precisely inhis refusal to provide unequivocal answers or moral lessons. His tragedies are complex studiesof human nature, in which love can be both sublime and destructive, ambition both motivatingand ruinous, and jealousy both natural and fatal. Special attention is given to the analysis offemale characters and their representations, as well as the dynamics of family relationships,which play a key role in understanding the tragedy and origins of evil in the protagonists.Ultimately, the work explores how Shakespeare, through soliloquies and introspectivemonologues, penetrates the depths of the human psyche, presenting tragic outcomes as anecessary precondition for the birth of a new, more just moral and social order. The tragic endof his characters is not portrayed as meaningless, but as a symbolic beginning of renewal andmoral transformation.The conclusion of the dissertation confirms the enduring relevance of Shakespeare’stragedies, which, even more than four centuries later offer valuable insights into human natureand the ontological dimension of evil. The work provides a new perspective on the analysis ofShakespearean characters, offering possibilities for applying this knowledge to betterunderstand and overcome moral dilemmas that remain relevant today. Nauka o književnosti - Engleska književnost / Literature - English literature Datum odbrane: 14.11.2025. info:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesis 2025 158 str. 3562301 bytes Joličić, Aleksandra V., 1975- https://phaidrabg.bg.ac.rs/o:39537 cobiss:188957449 thesis:10501 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/at/legalcode