o:36561 CANINE INFECTIOUS RESPIRATORY DISEASE COMPLEX (CIRDC) WORLDWIDE: A REVIEW OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION en Canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC), also known as kennel cough, is a highly contagious multifactorial syndrome in dogs, caused by both bacterial and viral pathogens. Disease is predominantly observed in environments with high canine density, such as shelters. Although CIRDC is typically presented with mild to moderate clinical manifestations, in puppies and immunocompromised dogs, CIRDC can lead to severe clinical manifestations. The present review provides a systematic analysis of 68 peer-reviewed publications and reports from 1965 to 2025, to examine worldwide prevalence rates and geographic distribution of pathogens associated with CIRDC. Data were extracted from five major scientific databases (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science), focusing on the frequency of pathogens, their geographical distributions and detection methodologies. The most frequently identified bacterial agents are Bordetella bronciseptica and Mycoplasma spp., and among viral agents, canine parainfluenza virus and canine respiratory coronavirus. Canine influenza virus is rarely detected in Europe, but has been detected in shelter dogs in the U.S. Notably, CIRDC is characterized by a high co-infection rate. The review highlights the importance of updated diagnostics, targeted vaccination strategies and enhanced surveillance systems. Data from Serbia are scarce, underscoring the urgent need for national prevalence studies and improved vaccine coverage Infectious laryngotracheitis, kennel cough, prevalence, systematic review 1552099 https://doi.org/10.2298/VETGL250718015K 2025-09-22T09:09:06.677Z 44 yes 46 Nemanja Krstić University of Belgrade, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, Serbia Doktor veterinarske medicine 0000-0001-5679-1970 Marija Gnjatović University of Belgrade, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy INEP, Serbia doktor tehnoloških nauka person 0000-0001-8233-1636 Lidija Mladjenović University of Belgrade, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy INEP, Serbia master biolog person 0009-0004-2941-188X Sandra Rakin University of Belgrade, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy INEP, Serbia master inženjer tehnologije person 0009-0007-4016-3882 Aleksandra A. Jovanović University of Belgrade, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy INEP, Serbia doktor tehnoloških nauka person 0000-0001-5394-0125 Jakov Nišavić University of Belgrade, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Belgrade, Serbia person Diana Lupulović University of Belgrade, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy INEP, Serbia doktor veterinarskih nauka person 0000-0002-2476-4887 application/pdf 575948 https://phaidrabg.bg.ac.rs/o:36561 no yes 19 70 92000002 11A29 11A2910 11A10 11A1012 CANINE INFECTIOUS RESPIRATORY DISEASE COMPLEX (CIRDC) WORLDWIDE: A REVIEW OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION Veterinarski Glasnik Bulevar oslobođenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia University of Belgrade, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Serbia 2025