http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode https://phaidrabg.bg.ac.rs/o:36467 doi:10.1590/0074-02760250044 Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz Mitić, Ivana Glamočlija, Sofija Radulović, Nataša Sabljić, Ljiljana Tomić, Sergej Gruden-Movsesijan, Alisa Sofronić-Milosavljević, Ljiljana Patients with Trichinella spiralis infection display unmodified antigen-specific immune response to SARS-CoV-2 info:eu-repo/semantics/article Trichinella spiralis; SARS-CoV-2; immunomodulation; infection; T cells; B cells application/pdf 1732578 bytes ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Through coevolution, helminths have developed immunomodulatory mechanisms that regulate exaggerated host immune responses and may influence immune responses to coinfections or vaccines. The coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic has raised concerns about how such infections might affect vaccine-triggered immune responses. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to investigate how ongoing Trichinella spiralis infection affects the immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), in individuals already vaccinated or virus-primed, during Trichinella outbreak in Serbia. METHODS: Among 21 individuals who tested positive for anti-Trichinella antibodies, 15 were included in the study, which allowed for the first time to examine the impact of Trichinella infection on the humoral and cellular immune response to the SARS-CoV-2 using flow cytometry. 2025 Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro volume: 120 eng