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    <ns1:title language="en">Clinical Prospect of Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Kidney Disease: Challenges and the Way Forward</ns1:title>
    <ns1:language>en</ns1:language>
    <ns1:description language="en">ABSTRACT
Kidney disease is a growing public health problem worldwide, including both acute and chronic forms. Existing therapies for kidney disease target various pathogenic mechanisms; however, these therapies only slow down the progression of the disease rather than offering a cure. One of the potential and emerging approaches for the treatment of kidney disease is mesenchymal stromal/stem cell (MSC) therapy, shown to have beneficial effects in preclinical studies. In addition, extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by MSCs became a potent cell-free therapy option in various preclinical models of kidney disease due to their regenerative, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. However, there are scarce clinical data available regarding the use of MSC-EVs in kidney pathologies. This review article provides an outline of the renoprotective effects of MSC-EVs in different preclinical models of kidney disease. </ns1:description>
    <ns1:keyword language="en">mesenchymal stromal/stem cells; extracellular vesicles; kidney disease; acute kidney injury; chronic kidney disease; transplantation; renoprotection; cell-free therapeutics; mechanism of action; clinical application</ns1:keyword>
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      <ns2:resource>1552099</ns2:resource>
      <ns2:identifier>10.3390/pharmaceutics15071911</ns2:identifier>
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        <ns3:firstname>Maja</ns3:firstname>
        <ns3:lastname>Kosanović</ns3:lastname>
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        <ns3:title1>doktor bioloških nauka</ns3:title1>
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        <ns3:firstname>Bojana</ns3:firstname>
        <ns3:lastname>Milutinović</ns3:lastname>
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        <ns3:firstname>Tanja J.</ns3:firstname>
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        <ns3:firstname>Milica</ns3:firstname>
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    <ns12:name_magazine language="en">Pharmaceutics</ns12:name_magazine>
    <ns12:volume>15</ns12:volume>
    <ns12:booklet>7</ns12:booklet>
    <ns12:publisher>MDPI, Basel, Switzerland</ns12:publisher>
    <ns12:releaseyear>2023</ns12:releaseyear>
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