eng Clinical Prospect of Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Kidney Disease: Challenges and the Way Forward http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode ABSTRACT Kidney disease is a growing public health problem worldwide, including both acute and chronic forms. Existing therapies for kidney disease target various pathogenic mechanisms; however, these therapies only slow down the progression of the disease rather than offering a cure. One of the potential and emerging approaches for the treatment of kidney disease is mesenchymal stromal/stem cell (MSC) therapy, shown to have beneficial effects in preclinical studies. In addition, extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by MSCs became a potent cell-free therapy option in various preclinical models of kidney disease due to their regenerative, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. However, there are scarce clinical data available regarding the use of MSC-EVs in kidney pathologies. This review article provides an outline of the renoprotective effects of MSC-EVs in different preclinical models of kidney disease. mesenchymal stromal/stem cells; extracellular vesicles; kidney disease; acute kidney injury; chronic kidney disease; transplantation; renoprotection; cell-free therapeutics; mechanism of action; clinical application Kosanović, Maja Milutinović, Bojana Kutzner, Tanja J. Mouloud, Yanis Božić, Milica MDPI, Basel, Switzerland application/pdf 453132 bytes Pharmaceutics volume: 15 number: 7 2023 https://phaidrabg.bg.ac.rs/o:36035 doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics15071911 info:eu-repo/semantics/article