o:36018 Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Properties of Inorganic Fullerene-Like Tungsten Disulfide Nanoparticles in the Culture of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells en ABSTRACT Tungsten disulfide (WS2) nanoparticles have emerged in the biomedical field as potential theranostic agents due to their unique properties, including biocompatibility. However, their impact on the immune response remains unexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of inorganic fullerene-like WS2 (IF-WS2) nanostructures on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in vitro. The study investigated several parameters to evaluate the effects of IF-WS2 nanoparticles. Cytotoxicity was assessed by measuring cell viability, apoptosis, and necrosis. Internalization of IF-WS2 by PBMCs was analyzed using morphological and flow cytometric techniques. Proliferation was studied in CellTrace Far Red-prestained total PBMCs stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and in isolated T cell cultures stimulated with CD3/CD28-coated beads. Additionally, the production of cytokines and chemokines was measured in culture supernatants of total PBMCs and T cells. IF-WS2 nanoparticles were non-cytotoxic up to a concentration of 200 µg/mL. WS2 nanoparticles; human mononuclear cells; cytotoxicity; proliferation 1552099 10.3390/nano15050322 2025-03-17T08:53:51.603Z 44 yes 46 Snežana Zečević Medical Faculty Foča, University of East Sarajevo, Foča, Bosnia and Herzegovina Darinka Popović Medical Faculty Foča, University of East Sarajevo, Foča, Bosnia and Herzegovina person Sergej Tomić University of Belgrade, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy INEP, Serbia doktor bioloških nauka person 0000-0003-2570-1295 Marina Bekić University of Belgrade, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy INEP, Serbia person 0000-0002-6945-4241 Sara Rakočević Medical Faculty Foča, University of East Sarajevo, Foča, Bosnia and Herzegovina person Maja Kosanović University of Belgrade, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy INEP, Serbia doktor bioloških nauka person 0000-0002-1143-1805 Dušica Stojanović Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia person Petar Uskoković Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia person Milan Marković University of Belgrade, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy INEP, Serbia doktor medicinskih nauka-stomatologija person 0000-0001-8352-9003 Dejan Bokonjić Medical Faculty Foča, University of East Sarajevo, Foča, Bosnia and Herzegovina person Miodrag Čolić Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia person application/pdf 9424271 https://phaidrabg.bg.ac.rs/o:36018 no yes 16 70 92000001 11A29 11A2904 11A41 Nanomaterials 15 5 322 MDPI, Basel, Switzerland 2025