o:30777 Mechanisms of detoxification of high manganese concentrations by the microalga Chlorella sorokiniana en ABSTRACT Many neutrophilic and acidophilic microalgal species tolerate high metal concentrations and can survive or colonize metal-polluted waters. They show significant biotechnological potential for the remediation and wastewaters processing. On the other hand, negative effects of metal pollution on microalgae may affect the function of aquatic ecosystems because these photosynthetic microorganisms represent the primary producers of O2 and biomass. However, adaptive mechanisms that microalgae employ to detoxify metal excess are largely unknown. Herein we analyzed the response of the freshwater microalga Chlorella sorokiniana to high but non-toxic levels of Mn2+. Manganese is a key metal pollutant, with five possible oxidation forms that can bind to a variety of different ligands. At pH below 7, it is predominantly present in Mn2+ form. Scanning electron microscopy showed that in response to 1 mM Mn2+, C. sorokiniana released mucilage polymers within 1 h. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) showed that the early response involved loose Mn2+ binding to mucilage and/or the cell wall. The amount of loosely bound Mn2+ was significantly decreased after 24 h, whereas biomass showed significant accumulation of Mn, O and P, as determined by energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, indicating the production of polyphosphates, which may sequester Mn. Further, it was found that the exposure to Mn2+ resulted in rapid and transient decrease of total free glutathione concentration; the drop was observed after 1 h, and the concentration returned to initial values after 24 h. EPR measurements showed a similar trend in the level of reduced thiols. The observed changes can be explained either by the synthesis of phytochelatins- sulfurrich short-chain peptides that sequester metals, or by glutathionylation of proteins. Reduced thiols could not be detected in the extracellular space, indicating that C. sorokiniana did not release thiols in response to high Mn. These results demonstrate that the adaptive response of C. sorokiniana to high Mn levels involves multiple components and time phases. The early phase involves mucilage release, phytochelatins and/or protection of protein thiols, whereas the successive phase involves Mn coordination by polyphosphates and other mechanisms that remain to be resolved. microalga, Chlorella sorokiniana, manganese concentrations 2023-09-12T07:47:03.395Z 44 yes 46 Snežana Vojvodić University of Belgrade, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, Serbia Marina Stanić University of Belgrade, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, Serbia person Bernd Zechmann Center for Microscopy and Imaging, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA person Milena Dimitrijević University of Belgrade, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, Serbia person Miloš Opačić University of Belgrade, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, Serbia person Jelena Danilović Luković University of Belgrade, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy INEP, Serbia doktor bioloških nauka person 0000-0003-2411-5032 Arian Morina University of Belgrade, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, Serbia person Jon K. Pittman Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK person Ivan Spasojević University of Belgrade, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, Serbia person application/pdf 1203259 https://phaidrabg.bg.ac.rs/o:30777 no yes 1 70 92000004 11A27 11A2702 11A29 11A2903 Redox Biology in the 21st Century: A New Scientific Discipline, Meeting Abstracts Elsevier, Society for Free Radical Research Europe (SFRR-E), Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development (Republic of Serbia), Oxygen Club of California 2021