o:1292 Risālatu raf‘i l-ẖitām ar Modern Standard Arabic has 28 consonant phonemes, making phonemic contrasts between "emphatic" (pharyngealized or velarized) consonants and non-emphatic ones; Arabic also has three vowel phonemes. However, by the 8th century the letter alif no longer represented a glottal stop, but a long /a/. As a result, a diacritic symbol, hamza, was introduced to represent this sound. In addition, some of these phonemes have coalesced in the various modern dialects, while new phonemes have been introduced through borrowing or phonemic splits. A "phonemic quality of length" applies to consonants as well as vowels. Year of publishing: 1464. U savremenom standardnom arapskom ima dvedeset osam suglasničkih fonema koji sačinjavaju kontrast između emfatičkih i neemfatičkih suglasnika; arapski ima i tri samoglasničke foneme. Međutim, do osmog veka, slovo alif nije više predstavljao bezvučni glotalni ploziv već dugo a. Kao rezultat toga, dijakritički znak hamza je uveden da bi označio taj glas. Uz to, neke od tih fonema su se asimilovale u brojnim savremenim dijalektima dok su nove foneme uvedene pozajmicom ili cepanjem fonema. Kvalitativna dužina foneme se primenjuje na suglasnike kao i na samoglasnike. Godina izdavanja: 1464. no 2012-03-22T12:56:52.227Z 44 no 46 Aḥmad al-Kūrānî 63 prepisivač Muḥammad ibn Ḥusayn ibn ‘abd al-Wahhāb application/pdf 4536136 http://phaidrabg.bg.ac.rs/o:1292 no yes 2 70 Risālatu raf‘i l-ẖitām 1464.